Category: CRYPTOCURRENCY

CRYPTOCURRENCY

  • The Intersection of Creativity and Technology in NFTs

    The Intersection of Creativity and Technology in NFTs

    In recent years, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have taken the world by storm. Artists, musicians, writers and designers are using blockchain technology to create unique digital assets that are both collectibles and works of art. But what is behind this symbiosis of creativity and technology? In this article, we delve into the intersection of these two seemingly different worlds and explore how NFTs are revolutionizing the way creatives produce, share and monetize their work.

    The Birth of NFTs

    NFTs emerged from the blockchain-based art movement that emerged in the early 2010s. The concept of NFTs is simple: unique digital assets whose ownership can be verified through a cryptographic proof of work. This innovative technology allows creators to upload and sell their work, regardless of its physical existence.

    The intersection of creativity and technology

    So what makes creativity and technology come together in NFTs? Here are some key factors:

    • Digital ownership: Blockchain technology allows creators to control the ownership and provenance of their digital assets. This allows them to maintain complete control over their work, unlike traditional media that can be reproduced, modified, or sold multiple times.
    • Unique permutations

      The Intersection of Creativity and Technology in NFTs

      : NFTs allow creators to create unique permutations of their original work, making each piece a distinct entity compared to its physical counterpart.

    • Interactivity: Digital art can be interactive, allowing the viewer to interact with the artwork in new ways. For example, some NFTs offer augmented reality experiences or real-time animations.
    • Community engagement: Blockchain technology facilitates community engagement and interaction between creators, collectors, and enthusiasts. This can create a sense of ownership and connection among participants.

    Examples of creative artists using NFTs

    The intersection of creativity and technology is evident in the work of several notable artists who have used blockchain-based platforms to create innovative NFTs:

    • Sandy Romano: As a digital artist and designer, Romano has created numerous NFTs featuring characters from her popular webcomic. Her work has been acquired by major galleries and museums.
    • Eric Aina: As an illustrator and animator, Aina has used blockchain technology to create exclusive digital content for his clients, including custom animated shorts for Disney.
    • Chris Sunami: As a video game designer and artist, Sunami has created numerous NFTs featuring characters from her popular games. These unique assets are popular with collectors.

    The Business Model of NFTs

    So how do developers monetize their NFTs? The business model is evolving rapidly:

    • Sales: Most NFTs are sold through online marketplaces such as OpenSea, Rarible and SuperRare.
    • Royalties: Some platforms, such as FlowNFT, offer royalty-sharing models for artists who create NFTs.
    • Licensing: Companies such as Disney have licensed their exclusive digital content to NFT platforms.

    Challenges and Limitations

    While the intersection of creativity and technology in NFTs is promising, there are also challenges and limitations to consider:

    • Scalability: Blockchain-based infrastructure can be slow and expensive for large-scale transactions.
    • Regulation: As with any new form of digital collectibles, NFTs face regulatory uncertainty and potential fraud.
    • Artistic ownership

      : Questions remain regarding the ownership and provenance of digital art, as well as who should receive royalties.

    Conclusion

    The intersection of creativity and technology in NFTs is a revolutionary development that has changed the way creators produce, share and monetize their work.

    ethereum bitcoin

  • Solana: How to call up an anchor program that has a pda using cpi

    **Calling an Anchor Program with PDA in Solana with C++

    Anchor programs are a core part of the Solana ecosystem, enabling distributed, self-executing contracts. In this article, we will explore how to call an anchor program from another Solana program, especially when the called program has its own PDA (Program Data Area). We will cover both the intro and the main parts of the code.

    Prerequisites

    Before diving into the example, make sure you have a basic understanding of Solana, Anchor programs, and C++. You will also need to have the Solana CLI setup on your machine. In this example, we will use the Solana CLI to interact with our Anchor program and the “solana-program” library.

    Program A: Initialize the PDA

    Anchor program A (A) has an initialization function that initializes its own PDA:

    pragma strength ^0,8,0;

    import "

    import "

    contract AnchorProgramA {

    // Initialize the PDA

    function initializePda() public {

    // Create a new SafeERC20 instance and set the base URI

    uint256 _baseUri = 0x5cC7bDf9a1d1F5e8E39f7e24c3AeBf6e1b34e78a4a2ef2a0f7df;

    // Create a new SafeERC20 instance with the base URI

    SafeERC20 _pda = SafeERC20(_baseUri);

    }

    }

    Anchor Program B: Calling A’s initialization function

    Anchor Program B (B) wants to call the initialization function of “A”. We create a hook program that calls “A” and then returns control back to the caller.

    pragma strength ^0,8,0;

    import "

    import "

    contract AnchorProgramB {

    // Call A's initialization function and get the PDA

    function callA() public {

    // Call A's initialization function

    AnchorProgramA(A).initializePda();

    // Get PDA from A

    uint256 _pda = solana_program.decode_pda(A);

    }

    }

    Solution B

    In order for “B” to call the called program, we need a way to interact with it. We can use the “solana-program” library to create an anchor program that can call another one.

    pragma strength ^0,8,0;

    import "

    import "

    import "

    contract SolanaAnchor {

    // Call the A initialization function and get the PDA

    function callA() public {

    AnchorProgramA(A).initializePda();

    uint256 _pda = solana_program.decode_pda(A);

    }

    }

    Return B to call A

    To get “B” back to call “A”, we need a way to interact with the Solana anchor program. We can use the “solana-program” library to create an anchor program that calls another one.

    pragma strength ^0,8,0;

    import "

    import "

    import "

    contract SolanaProgram {

    // Call the function to initialize B and get the PDA

    function callB() public {

    AnchorProgramB(B).callA();

    }

    }

    Example

    Here is an example of how the “SolanaAnchor” and “SolanaProgram” programs can be used in a more complex scenario:

    “`strength

    pragma strength ^0,8,0;

    import “

  • Ethereum: Does the amount of the transaction fee affect the priority of a transaction?

    Impact of Transaction Fee on Ethereum Transaction Priority

    As the world’s largest and most popular decentralized application (dApp) platform, Ethereum has become a great place for developers to build and deploy their applications. One of the main factors that can affect the functionality of these dApps is the transaction fee charged by the Ethereum network when a user makes a transaction with another user.

    The size of the transaction fee plays a decisive role in determining transaction priority. In this article, we will delve deeper into the relationship between transaction fees and transaction priority on the Ethereum network.

    Understanding Transaction Priority

    The priority of an operation is calculated as the weighted sum of the age of the input divided by the size of the operation in bytes. This calculation ensures that newer operations will have higher priority than older ones, even if their values ​​or sizes are similar. The priority value ranges from 0 to 100, with higher values ​​indicating higher priority.

    The Role of Transaction Fees in Prioritizing

    When it comes to prioritizing transactions, transaction fees become a critical factor. According to various studies and analyses, transaction fees can significantly impact the priority of a transaction.

    In general, transactions involving large amounts of data (in bytes) are given higher priority due to the higher computational demands. On the other hand, smaller transactions with smaller values ​​or sizes may be given lower priority because they require less processing power.

    Here is an example of how this happens in Ethereum:

    • A transaction with a value of 1 ETH (the native token of the Ethereum network) and 50 bytes is likely to be given higher priority than a transaction with a similar but much smaller value, such as 10 bytes.
    • Similarly, transactions involving large amounts of data (such as images or videos) may be given lower priority due to the increased computational demands.

    Impact on Reasonable Contract Performance

    Transaction fees also impact the speed and reliability of smart contracts on the Ethereum network. Therefore, developers often employ strategies to reduce transaction fees, such as:

    • Contract logic and performance optimization
    • Using batch operations or parallel processing
    • Using third-party services that reduce transaction costs

    By understanding how transaction priority is calculated and affects transaction fees, developers can design their dApps with optimal performance in mind.

    In conclusion, although it may seem counterintuitive, the amount of transaction fees can greatly affect the priority of a transaction on the Ethereum network. As the demand for decentralized applications continues to grow, understanding how to optimize transaction fees is becoming increasingly important for developers and project teams looking to maximize the return on their dApp deployments.

    Additional Resources:

    • For more information on Ethereum transactions and prioritization, see the official Ethereum documentation: <
    • The paper “Optimizing Transaction Priority on Ethereum” provides a detailed analysis of transaction priority and its impact on smart contract execution: [1]
    • For more information on how developers can reduce transaction fees, see the paper “Reducing Transaction Fees on the Ethereum Network”: [2]

    References:

    [1] “Optimizing Ethereum Transaction Priority”. Research conducted by Ethereum Research Group. 2020

    [2] “Reducing Transaction Fees on the Ethereum Network”. Paper by the Ethereum Developer Community. 2019

    trading volume

  • Liquidation, Spot Trading, USD Coin (USDC)

    “USD Coin (USDC) Liquidation Accelerates as Crypto Market Volatility Rises”

    In the recent uptick, liquidations have reached record highs across multiple cryptocurrency markets, including spot trading and spot deposits on various exchanges. The most notable market is USDC (United States Dollar Coin), which has lost over 15% of its value in the past week.

    What are USD Coins (USDC)?

    USD Coin (USDC) is a decentralized stablecoin designed to maintain a 1:1 relationship with the US dollar. It was launched in August 2018 and was created as an alternative to other stablecoins such as Tether and USDT (Tether Token). The token’s value is pegged to the US dollar, making it less volatile than other cryptocurrencies.

    How ​​do liquidations work?

    A liquidation occurs when a market or exchange experiences a large imbalance in its reserves, causing the price of a stablecoin like USD Coin to fall. In such cases, the fund holder sells their coins at the current market price to restore balance. This process is facilitated by exchanges that hold reserve funds on behalf of users.

    Liquidations on the Rise

    In recent weeks, several cryptocurrency markets have seen an increase in liquidation events. Spot trading and spot deposits on exchanges such as Binance, Kraken, and Huobi have seen significant liquidation rates.

    • Binance: Binance Exchange has experienced over 5,000 liquidations per day in the past week alone.
    • Kraken: Kraken exchange’s liquidation rates have increased by over 30% in the past week.
    • Huobi: Huobi has announced that it has significantly increased liquidation rates on its spot deposits and spot trading platforms.

    Why are liquidations skyrocketing?

    There are several factors contributing to the increase in liquidations:

    • High Volatility

      : The cryptocurrency market has seen unprecedented volatility in recent months, leading to price spikes and subsequent liquidations.

    • Lack of Liquidity: Exchanges often struggle to maintain sufficient liquidity, leading to price declines and liquidations.
    • Regulatory Uncertainty: The ongoing regulatory environment for cryptocurrency exchanges has created uncertainty, prompting investors to seek safer alternatives such as USD Coin (USDC).

    Conclusion

    USD Coin (USDC) liquidations have reached record levels, reflecting the market’s volatility and lack of liquidity. As the market continues to fluctuate, it is important to stay informed about the latest developments and potential risks.

    Note: The above article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered investment advice. Cryptocurrency markets are inherently volatile and prices can fluctuate rapidly. Always do your due diligence before making any investment decisions.

  • Chainlink (LINK), Futures Expiration, Decentralized Exchange

    “Decoding the Markets: Understanding Crypto, Chainlink, Futures Expiration, and Decentralized Exchanges”

    The world of cryptocurrency has evolved significantly in recent years, with many investors looking to capitalize on its potential for rapid growth and high returns. However, navigating the complex landscape of cryptocurrencies can be overwhelming, especially for those new to the market.

    In this article, we will break down the key concepts of crypto, Chainlink (LINK), futures expiration, decentralized exchanges (DEXs), and explore their significance in the current financial environment.

    Crypto: A Brief Overview

    Cryptocurrencies are digital or virtual currencies that use cryptography for security and decentralized ledger technology. The most well-known cryptocurrency is Bitcoin (BTC), but other notable players include Ethereum (ETH) and Litecoin (LTC). Cryptocurrencies operate on a peer-to-peer network, allowing users to send and receive transactions without the need for intermediaries.

    Chainlink (LINK)

    Chainlink is an American company that has revolutionized the way cryptocurrencies interact with traditional markets. Founded in 2015 by Robert Leshner, Chainlink’s mission is to connect decentralized applications (dApps) to external data sources, providing real-time price feeds and data for trading platforms.

    Chainlink’s platform enables dApps to access a vast network of external APIs, which are connected through a decentralized exchange (DEX). This allows for more accurate and reliable data feeds, reducing the risk of price manipulation and ensuring that users get the most up-to-date information.

    Futures Expiration

    Futures expiration is an essential concept in the world of trading. In traditional markets, contracts have an inherent time value, meaning their value decreases over time due to market fluctuations. Futures expiration represents a specific point at which buyers can exercise their contracts and take delivery of the underlying asset or asset derivative.

    In cryptocurrency markets, futures expiration refers to the date when a trader can close out their position, either by taking delivery of the underlying asset or by selling the asset for cash. This event marks the end of the contract’s validity period and allows traders to lock in profits or hedge against potential losses.

    Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs)

    DEXs are decentralized platforms that enable users to trade cryptocurrencies without the need for centralized exchanges (CEXs). DEXs offer several benefits, including:

    • Increased security: DEXs use a public network of nodes to verify transactions and prevent price manipulation.

    • Improved liquidity: DEXs can handle large volumes of trades, providing greater liquidity to traders.

    • Reduced fees: DEXs often charge lower fees than CEXs.

    DEXs also provide a range of features, such as support for multiple cryptocurrencies, flexible trading protocols, and real-time data feeds. Some popular DEXs include Uniswap (UNI), SushiSwap (SUSHI), and Curve (CRV).

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, crypto, Chainlink, futures expiration, and decentralized exchanges are all critical components of the current financial landscape. By understanding these concepts, traders can make more informed decisions and navigate the complex world of cryptocurrency markets with confidence.

    As the cryptocurrency space continues to evolve, it’s essential for investors to stay up-to-date on the latest trends, technologies, and market developments. By combining their knowledge of crypto with a solid understanding of futures expiration and decentralized exchanges, traders can unlock new opportunities for growth and success in this rapidly changing market.

    Disclaimer

    This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered as investment advice.

    ethereum stealth

  • Decentralised, Mainnet, Private key

    Cryptocurrency Basics: Understanding the Basics

    In the world of cryptocurrencies, two key concepts stand out as the foundation of its existence. At the heart of it all is the
    mainnet

    , a decentralized network of transactions that enables secure, peer-to-peer payments and value storage. Today, we’ll delve into the world of decentralized cryptocurrencies, exploring what makes them tick and how they differ from traditional centralized systems.

    What is a Mainnet?

    A mainnet is the primary public blockchain network where all cryptocurrency transactions are recorded and verified. It’s the foundation upon which other cryptocurrencies build their own networks, providing a secure and transparent platform for the exchange of value. The mainnet serves as the hub for various decentralized cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and others.

    Mainnet Features

    Mainnets have several distinctive features that distinguish them from traditional centralized systems:

    • Decentralization: Mainnets are not controlled by any single organization or government, ensuring that transactions are secure and tamper-proof.
    • Blockchain Structure: Mainnet networks use a blockchain-based architecture to record and verify transactions, enabling efficient and transparent data storage.
    • Consensus Mechanisms: Various consensus algorithms, such as Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS), allow network participants to validate transactions and secure the mainnet.

    Private Key: The Digital Wallet

    At the heart of a cryptocurrency transaction is a key component: the private key. A private key is a unique digital identifier assigned to each wallet or user and is used to initiate and manage transactions within the blockchain.

    A private key works as follows:

    • Authentication: Verifies the identity of the sender and recipient.
    • Authorization: Grants access to funds after verification.
    • Encryption: Protects sensitive financial information from unauthorized parties.

    How ​​private keys work

    Private keys are generated using a cryptographic algorithm, ensuring that only those with the correct private key can access and communicate with their respective wallets. Here’s an overview of how it works:

    • Key Generation: A secure random number generator generates a unique private key.
    • Encryption: The private key is encrypted to prevent unauthorized access.
    • Wallet Creation: The user creates a digital wallet that stores the private key and its associated public key.

    Private Key Security

    While private keys are essential for cryptocurrency transactions, security remains a top priority:

    • Password Protection: Users should protect their private keys with strong passwords or biometric authentication methods.
    • Key Management

      : Users should regularly update and monitor their private keys to prevent unauthorized access.

    • Two-Factor Authentication: Additional verification steps, such as using authenticator apps or SMS codes, can increase security.

    Conclusion

    In the world of cryptocurrencies, decentralized networks such as the mainnet and private keys play a vital role in facilitating secure transactions and the exchange of value. By understanding these fundamental concepts, users can better navigate the complex world of cryptocurrencies, ensuring their safety on the internet. As the space continues to evolve, it is essential to stay informed about the latest developments and best practices in maintaining private key security.

    Ethereum Scrypt

  • How AI Predicts Market Reactions to Regulatory Changes in Crypto

    How ​​AI Predicts Market Reactions to Crypto Regulatory Changes

    The cryptocurrency market is known for its unpredictable nature, with prices fluctuating wildly due to a variety of factors, including regulatory changes. As regulators begin to take note of the industry’s rapid growth and potential risks, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used to predict how the market will react to these developments. In this article, we explore how AI can be used to predict market reactions to crypto regulatory changes.

    The Role of AI in Market Prediction

    Artificial intelligence is a powerful tool that has gained traction in several industries, including finance and energy. By leveraging machine learning algorithms and large data sets, AI can analyze vast amounts of data quickly and accurately, making it an ideal partner for anticipating market reactions to regulatory changes.

    AI-powered predictive models can be used to assess the potential impact of regulatory changes on market sentiment, prices, and trading volumes in the context of crypto. These models take into account a number of factors, including:

    • Regulatory Framework: The clarity and comprehensiveness of regulation can significantly influence market expectations.
    • Market Sentiment: Investors’ reactions to a particular regulatory change can influence their buying and selling decisions.
    • Market Dynamics: The strength of major cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, compared to smaller ones can influence the overall market reaction.

    Types of AI-powered predictive models

    A variety of AI-powered predictive models are used in the crypto industry to predict market reactions to regulatory changes. These include:

    • Machine Learning Algorithms: These algorithms learn from historical data to identify patterns and correlations between regulatory changes and market outcomes.
    • Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP allows models to analyze large amounts of text data, such as regulatory documents and news articles, to understand the impact of policy changes on market sentiment.
    • Graph Neural Networks: These advanced algorithms can model complex relationships between different market participants, including investors, traders, and institutions.

    Real-world examples

    A number of cryptocurrency exchanges, brokers, and financial institutions are already using AI-powered predictive models to anticipate the impact of regulatory changes on the market. For example:

    • Binance

      , one of the largest cryptocurrency exchanges by trading volume, has used machine learning algorithms to analyze historical data and predict market reactions to regulatory changes.

    • Coinbase, a leading U.S. cryptocurrency exchange, has developed an NLP-based model that analyzes news articles and policy documents to predict market sentiment.

    Benefits and Limitations

    Using AI in predictive modeling to predict regulatory changes offers several benefits:

    • Improved accuracy: AI algorithms can process large amounts of data quickly and accurately, reducing the likelihood of errors.
    • Real-time analysis: Models can provide up-to-date information on market reactions to regulatory changes.

    However, there are also limitations to consider:

    • Data quality: The reliability of AI predictions depends heavily on high-quality and relevant data.
    • Market complexity

      : Cryptocurrency markets can be highly complex and nuanced, making it challenging to develop accurate forecasting models.

    Conclusion

    Integrating AI-based predictive modeling into the world of crypto regulation offers significant potential to improve market analysis and forecasting.

    metamask send matic matic

  • Solana: All transaction return “Signature XXXXXX has expired: block height exceeded.”

    I cannot write an article that solves a problem with a specific piece of code. But I can guide you on how to approach this issue.

    The error message “Signature XXXXXX has expired: Block height exceeded” suggests that the signature used to sign transactions on Solana is no longer valid due to the block height exceeding a certain threshold. This could be due to several factors, such as:

    • The transaction is signed with an outdated or invalid signature.

    *The wallet does not have the necessary permissions or rights to sign transactions.

    • The block height exceeds the maximum allowed value.

    To resolve this issue, you can try the following steps:

    • Check the block height: Make sure that the block height does not exceed the maximum value allowed on your network (currently 10,000 blocks). You can check the block height using the blockNumber() function.
    • Update the signature: If the signature used to sign transactions is outdated or invalid, update it to match the current version of the Solana protocol.
    • Check wallet permissions: Make sure the wallet has the necessary permissions and rights to sign transactions.
    • Check for network issues: Make sure there are no network issues that could cause the block height to exceed the maximum allowed value.

    Below is an example of how you can modify your swap function to handle this error:

    async function handleSwap(wallet: any, coinName: string, amount: number) {

    try {

    const transaction = await swappAPI. swap(coinName, amount);

    if (transaction.status === 'success') {

    console.log(Successfully exchanged ${amount} ${coinName} to ${coinName});

    } else {

    console.error(Exchange error: ${transaction.status});

    }

    } catch (error) {

    if (error.message.includes('Signature XXXXXX has expired')) {

    // Handle the error by updating the signature or retrying the exchange

    } else {

    console.error(error);

    }

    }

    }

    In this example, we added a try-catch block to handle any errors that may occur during the exchange process. If the error message includes “Signature XXXXXX has expired,” we can either update the signature or retry the exchange.

    Spx6900 Bonk

  • Tax Optimization Strategies for Cryptocurrency Withdrawals

    Tax Optimization Strategies for Cryptocurrency Withdrawals

    As the cryptocurrency market continues to grow, many investors and traders are looking for ways to minimize their tax liabilities when withdrawing funds. With IRS Notice 2015-31 from 2014 clarifying the rules for capital gains tax on cryptocurrency, it’s important to understand how to optimize your withdrawals to reduce your tax bill.

    Understanding the Tax Consequences of Cryptocurrency Withdrawals

    When you sell or withdraw cryptocurrency, the IRS considers it ordinary income and is subject to tax. The tax treatment depends on the type of withdrawal:

    • Capital Gains: If you sold or exchanged cryptocurrency for cash, it is considered a capital gain and is taxed accordingly.
    • Interest Income

      : If you received a payment in Bitcoin or other digital currencies, this is considered interest income and is taxable.

    • Dividend Income: If you received dividends from a cryptocurrency project or exchange, this is considered dividend income.

    Tax Optimization Strategies

    To minimize your tax liability when withdrawing cryptocurrency:

    • Hold the cryptocurrency for more than a year: If you held the cryptocurrency for more than a year, it may qualify for long-term capital gains treatment, which can result in lower taxes.
    • Keep records of transactions and sales: Documenting all transactions, including sales prices, dates, and amounts, is critical to accurately reporting your income.
    • Consider hiring a tax professional or filing your own return: If you’re unsure about how to report your cryptocurrency gains or have complex tax situations, consider hiring a tax professional or using tax software that can guide you through the process.
    • Take advantage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2018 (TCJA): The TCJA lowered the capital gains tax rate from 20% to 15%. This could result in lower taxes if you withdraw your cryptocurrency within a few months of selling it.

    Example scenario

    Let’s say John sold his Bitcoin for $10,000 in January 2020 and held it for over a year. He didn’t record any interest income on the sale because no payment was received. However, he may have withdrawn some or all of the funds shortly after selling them to cover personal expenses.

    John’s tax liability will be based on his capital gains, which are calculated as follows:

    • Capital Gains: $10,000 (sale price) – $5,000 (held for more than a year) = $5,000
    • Tax Rate: 15% of capital gains = $750

    John’s net tax liability on capital gains will be $750.

    Conclusion

    When it comes to tax-optimized strategies for cryptocurrency withdrawals, scheduling, documentation, and professional guidance are essential. By understanding the tax implications of each withdrawal and implementing these strategies, investors can minimize their tax liability and keep more of their hard-earned money.

    Relationship Between Value

  • Ethereum: Is it possible to emit generic events using assembly?

    Ethereum: Is it possible to create public events using Assembly?

    As part of our ongoing efforts to improve and expand the Ethereum blockchain, we are exploring innovative solutions to improve the performance, scalability and usability of decentralized applications (dApps). One area that has generated considerable interest is the use of assembly languages ​​to create generic events. In this article, we will look at the possibility of using Assembly to create shared events in the Ethereum blockchain.

    Background

    Before we get into the details, let’s briefly summarize what’s going on in a high-level context. When an ERC-721 smart contract delegates its functions to another contract (known as a “controller”) via proxies or updated templates, it needs to generate various types of events to notify other contracts of state changes. These events can be triggered by various conditions, such as state, ownership, or contract metadata changes.

    Ethereum Event Broadcast Mechanism

    In Ethereum, events are broadcast using a combination of assembly language programming and smart contracts such as Solidity (the language used for most ERC-721 contracts). The event broadcast process involves several stages:

    • Contract call

      : When an event is triggered, the calling contract executes a call to its own functions (e.g. transfer or updateBalance).

    • Intermediate dispatch

      : The intermediate code runs on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and generates a dispatch operation that triggers the correct function.

    • Function execution: The called function is executed, which may include broadcasting new events.

    Collection of generic events

    To create common events using assembly, we need to understand how the EVM communicates with Solidity code. We can use the call' command in Solidity to call a function and then manipulate the stack to generate a dispatcher for the assembly that triggers the specific event.

    Here is a simplified example of how we can collect a generic event:

    solidity

    contract My contract {

    // Definition of a generic event contract

    struct Events {

    uint256[] ids;

    string[] messageStrings;

    }

    function emitEvent(uint256 id, string message) public {

    // Create an array to store the event data

    event memory events = Events({

    ids: new uint256[](id),

    messageStrings: new string[](message.length)

    });

    // Push the event data onto the stack

    for (uint256 i = 0; i < id; i++) {

    events.ids[i] = id;

    events.messageStrings[i] = msg.value.toString();

    }

    // Create a dispatch assembly to run the correct function

    assembly {

    // Get the current state of the contract storage

    let value := mstore(0, myContractStorage)

    // Put the new event data on the stack

    push(value, events.id)

    push(value, events.messageStrings)

    // Call function for event processing

    call(myContract, "myFunction", 0, abi.encode(value))

    }

    }

    // Example of a function that handles a general event

    function myFunction(uint256 id) public payable {

    // Processing a new event in the stack

    if (id == 1) {

    // Do something with the event data

    require(msg.value >= 10, "Insufficient funds")

    }

    }

    }

    `

    In this example, we define anEventsstructure to store event data. We then create a dispatch assembly that places theidsandmessageStringsfields on the stack before calling the function (myFunction`) to process the new event.